| Indian culture can be classified into
many varied form depend upon various communities spread throughout India.
The culture of India has been influenced by various religions and customs
of the world. Indian culture mostly found in smaller towns and villages,
the urban India is now widely influenced by globalization. Indian culture
can be classified in following cateogories
Language: The number of languages listed for India
is 418. Of those, 407 are living languages and 11 are extinct. At present
India has 18 officially recognised languages which are mentioned in the
Eight Schedule of the Constitution. Hindi in the Devanagari script is
the official language of the Union of India while the regional languages
are the official languages of the state. English is the second official
language and is also the authoritative, legislative and judicial language.
English is also the state language of Nagaland and Meghalaya.
Broadly the Indian languages can be put into six groups: 1) Indo-Aryan,
2) Dravidian, 3) Sino-Tibetan, 4) Negroid, 5) Austric and 6) Others.
Literature: The earliest literary traditions
were mostly oral and passed down through descendants by citizens. Later,
though, they were transcribed. Most of these spring from Hindu tradition
and are represented by sacred works such as the Vedas, the epics of the
Mahabharata and Ramayana. Tamil Sangam literature represents some of India's
oldest secular traditions.[citation needed] Many Buddhist and Jain works
are in Prakrit languages like Pali. The classical works of playwright
Kalidasa even today exert an important influence on Indian litterateurs.
The Tamil Ramayana (translated from the original Valmiki Ramayana) by
Kamban is considered to be a classical
Upon the arrival of Mughal dynasty, Islamic culture also influenced the
medieval Indian literature. Colonial rule prepared the stage for modern
literature exemplified by the works of Rabindranath Tagore, Subhramanya
Bharati,Kuvempu, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay etc
Performing Arts:-
Music : The music of India
is one of the oldest unbroken musical traditions in the world. It is said
that the origins of this system go back to the Vedas (ancient scripts
of the Hindus). Many different legends have grown up concerning the origins
and development of Indian classical music. Such legends go a long way
in showing the importance that music has in defining Indian culture.However
the advent of modern historical and cultural research has also given us
a good perspective on the field. This has shown that Indian music has
developed within a very complex interaction between different peoples
of different races and cultures. It appears that the ethnic diversity
of present day India has been there from the earliest of times. The basis
for Indian music is "sangeet". Sangeet is a combination of three
artforms: vocal music, instrumental music and dance. Although these three
artforms were originally derived from the single field of stagecraft.
Today these three forms have differentiated into complex and highly refined
individual artforms.The present system of Indian music is based upon two
important pillars: rag and tal. Rag is the melodic form while tal is the
rhythmic.
Dance: The Indian dance
is one of the oldest art that has been through a steady development for
nearly two thousand years. The Indian classical dance has its origin in
the temples where it was used to illustrate the Hindu mythologies.This
art was performed in the temples by the Devadasis, ladies who dedicated
themselves to God. With the passage of time, this form of art was used
both as a means to worship God and a way to express one's emotion or state
of mind. This form of art is based on the Natya Shastra, written by Sage
Bharata. The supreme manifestation of the Indian dance is Lord Shiva,
also referred as Lord Nataraja. All dance forms follow the same gestures
or hasta mudras for each of these rasas. The major schools of classical
dance in India are Kathak, Manipuri, Odissi, Bharatha Natyam, Kuchipudi
, Kathakali and Mohiniattam, apart from the Folk and Tribal dances.
Drama and Theatre: Indian
drama and theatre is perhaps as old as its music and dance. Kalidas' plays
like Shakuntala and Meghadoot are some of the oldest plays from literary
traditions. The tradition of folk theatre is alive in nearly all the linguistic
regions of the country.[citation needed] In addition, there is a rich
tradition of puppet theatre in rural India. Group Theatre is also thriving
in the cities, initiated by the likes of Utpal Dutt, Khwaja Ahmad Abbas
and still maintained by groups like Nandikar and Prithvi Theatre.
Visual Arts:
Painting: Indian
Paintings can be broadly classified as the murals & miniatures. Murals
are huge works executed on the walls of solid structures. Classic examples
are the paintings in Ajantha & Kailasantaha temple.
Sculpture:
The story of Indian art and sculpture dates back to the Indus valley civilization
of the 2nd and 3rd millennium BC. Tiny terra-cotta seals discovered from
the valley reveal carvings of peepal leaves, deities and animals
Buddhist Sculptures - Sarnath and Sanchi, Gandhara and Mathura,Hindu Art,Ajanta
and Ellora,Khajuraho,Elephanta Caves etc
Architecture: One definition of a great civilization
is the magnificence of its architectural legacy, and India is surely among
the foremost. The country is dotted with the remains of ages gone by,
many world famous like the Taj and Qutab Minar, and some still cloaked
in obscurity, off the tourist circuit, waiting to be 'discovered', but
architectural gems nevertheless.
Recreation and sports: Games of strength and speed flourished
in ancient India. Indians competed in chariot-racing, archery, horsemanship,
military tactics, wrestling, weight-lifting, swimming, hunting, snake-boat
racing, running races, and various types of martial arts contests. Chess,
wrestling, polo, archery and hockey, and even card games are some of the
games believed to have originated in India.
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